Treatment
of heart attack requires urgent intervention to save life. Subsequently,
long-term treatment is necessary to avoid coronary complications in the medium
and long term.
1. PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT: first aid an
prehospital treatment (oxygen intravenously, chewable aspirin, nitrates for
pain, performing an ECG by emergency personnel and referral to a medical center).
2. URGENT TREATMENT IN HOSPITAL
Immediate treatment depending on the type of myocardial infarction:
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ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction: the treatment consists of returning
the blood to the part of the heart that has been left without it for
reperfusion. An urgent catheterization or angiography can be done to
unclog the artery with a probe or thrombolysis (the injection of a substance to
break up the thrombus that is blocking the artery).
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There are also other treatments aimed at preventing arrhythmias and
preventing the thrombus that clogs the artery from continuing to grow or
obstructing again, therefore, many of the treatments are medicines that prevent
blood clotting
Once the patient's life has been saved, an assessment is made to see the
extent of the injury and to be able to apply a more personalized treatment.
-
Non-ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction: the treatment is with medicines that
reduce blood coagulation, but without the need to urgently unclog the artery. Occasionally,
myocardial revascularization surgery is necessary for patients with: major or
equivalent left coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction or
treated diabetes.
3. LONG-TERM AND REHABILITATOR TREATMENT
AFTER THE ACUTE PHASE: aimed at preventing the progression of coronary
arteriosclerosis to avoid complications in the future. This
treatment consists of:
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/ Control blood pressure.
/ Perform physical exercise
supervised by the doctor and depending on the characteristics of the patient.
/ If overweight or obese, lose
weight.
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/ Give up smoking.
/ Diet low in saturated fat and
cholesterol
/ Treatment with platelet
antiaggregating.
/ Treatment with anticoagulants.
/
Treatment with medicines to lower cholesterol.
Cardiac rehabilitation program: the main objective of rehabilitation
is a change in lifestyle: a heart-healthy diet, physical exercise and not
smoking, and the importance of taking medication correctly. Normally
the patients who go to rehabilitation are: patients with ischemic heart
disease, heart failure and patients who have undergone valve replacement
surgery. This program consists of three phases:
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Phase 1: time that the patient is admitted to the hospital.
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Phase 2: when the patient is discharged, he has supervised
physical training, advice on diet, psychological interventions, pharmacological
control and control of risk factors.
/ Phase 3: the patient has to put into practice
all the recommendations learned in the previous phase.
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